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NEW QUESTION # 85
Which ONE of the following roles is responsible for mediating, managing time, and generating a safe review environment in which everyone can speak freely?
- A. Moderator
- B. Reviewer
- C. Review leader
- D. Manager
Answer: A
Explanation:
TheModerator(D) plays a key role informal reviewsby facilitating discussions, ensuring that reviews stay on track, and creating an open environment for feedback. TheManager (A)is responsible for overseeing the testing process but does not directly facilitate reviews. TheReviewer (B)is responsible for examining the work product, while theReview Leader (C)organizes reviews but does not necessarily mediate them.
NEW QUESTION # 86
Which ONE of the following statements about maintenance testing is CORRECT?
- A. Maintenance testing is performed exclusively for adaptive maintenance.
- B. Maintenance testing is only required when defects are reported in production.
- C. Maintenance testing should be performed when enhancements, fixes, or updates are applied to an existing system.
- D. Maintenance testing does not require test cases since it focuses solely on defect verification.
Answer: C
Explanation:
Maintenance testing is carried outwhenever changes are made to an existing system, including enhancements, defect fixes, and system migrations (C). It is not limited to adaptive maintenance (A) and is needed even when no defects are reported (B). Test cases are essential to validate fixes and prevent regressions (D).
Reference:ISTQB CTFL v4.0 Syllabus, Section 2.3 - Maintenance Testing
NEW QUESTION # 87
During component testing of a program if 100% decision coverage is achieved, which of the following coverage criteria is also guaranteed to be 100%?
- A. 100% Equivalence class coverage
- B. 100% Statement coverage
- C. 100% Stale transition coverage
- D. 100% Boundary value coverage
Answer: B
Explanation:
Statement coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of executable statements in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is another structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of decision outcomes (such as branches or conditions) in the source code that are executed by a test suite1. Decision coverage is a stronger metric than statement coverage, because it requires that every possible outcome of each decision is tested, while statement coverage only requires that every statement is executed at least once2. Therefore, if a test suite achieves 100% decision coverage, it also implies that it achieves 100% statement coverage, because every statement in every branch or condition must have been executed. However, the converse is not true: 100% statement coverage does not guarantee 100% decision coverage, because some branches or conditions may have multiple outcomes that are not tested by the test suite2. For example, consider the following pseudocode:
if (x > 0) then print("Positive") else print("Non-positive") end if
A test suite that executes this code with x = 1 and x = -1 will achieve 100% statement coverage, because both print statements are executed. However, it will not achieve 100% decision coverage, because the condition x > 0 has only been tested with two outcomes: true and false. The third possible outcome, x = 0, has not been tested by the test suite. Therefore, the test suite may miss a potential bug or error in the condition or the branch.
The other options, such as stale transition coverage, equivalence class coverage, and boundary value coverage, are not guaranteed to be 100% by achieving 100% decision coverage. Stale transition coverage is a structural coverage metric that measures the percentage of transitions between states in a state machine that are executed by a test suite3. Equivalence class coverage is a functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of equivalence classes (or partitions) of input or output values that are tested by a test suite4. Boundary value coverage is another functional coverage metric that measures the percentage of boundary values (or extreme values) of input or output ranges that are tested by a test suite4. These metrics are independent of decision coverage, because they are based on different aspects of the system under test, such as its behavior, functionality, or specification. Therefore, achieving 100% decision coverage does not imply achieving 100% of any of these metrics, and vice versa. Reference = ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Test Coverage in Software Testing - Guru99, Structural Coverage Metrics - MATLAB & Simulink - MathWorks India, Test Design Coverage in Software Testing - GeeksforGeeks.
NEW QUESTION # 88
Which of the following statements refers to a good testing practice that applies to all software development lifecycles?
- A. Each test level should have its own specific test objectives that should be consistent with the software development lifecycle phase or type of activities it addresses
- B. All the tests should be automated and run as part of the continuous integration process with every software change
- C. The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and within a development team is face-to-face conversation
- D. Test analysis and design for any test levels should begin as soon as coding is complete, and all system components are available for testing
Answer: A
Explanation:
Good testing practices that apply to all software development lifecycles include having specific test objectives for each test level that align with the phase of the software development lifecycle and the type of activities being addressed. This approach ensures that testing activities are relevant and appropriate for the specific stage of development, enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the testing process.
References:
* ISTQB CTFL Syllabus 4.0, Chapter 2.1.2, page 24: Software Development Lifecycle and Good Testing Practices
NEW QUESTION # 89
The acceptance criteria associated with a user story:
- A. can be written in different formats and represent an aspect of a user story referred to as confirmation' of the so called "3 C's"
- B. are often written in a rule-oriented format using the template referred to as "Given/When/Then"
- C. must be written in one of the two following formats: scenario-oriented or rule-oriented
- D. are often documented following in rule-oriented format using the following template: "As a [role], I want [feature], so that I can [benefit]"
Answer: A
Explanation:
The acceptance criteria associated with a user story are the conditions that must be met for the user story to be considered done and to deliver the expected value to the user. They are often written in different formats, such as rule-oriented, scenario-oriented, or table-oriented, depending on the nature and complexity of the user story.
They represent an aspect of a user story referred to as confirmation, which is one of the so called "3 C's" of user stories. The other two aspects are card and conversation. Card refers to the concise and informal description of the user story, usually following the template: "As a [role], I want [feature], so that I can
[benefit]". Conversation refers to the ongoing dialogue between the stakeholders and the team members to clarify and refine the user story and its acceptance criteria. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.
References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.01, Section 3.2.2, page 35-36; ISTQB Glossary v4.02, page 37.
NEW QUESTION # 90
A typical generic skill required for the role of tester is the ability to:
- A. determine the corrective actions to get a test project on track in case of deviations from the test plan
- B. assume leadership aimed at imposing decisions on the rest of the team
- C. take on the role of developer to meet challenging project deadlines
- D. use tools to make the execution of repetitive testing tasks more efficient
Answer: D
Explanation:
One of the generic skills required for the role of a tester is the ability to use tools to make the execution of repetitive testing tasks more efficient. This includes using various test automation tools to streamline the testing process, reduce manual effort, and improve the consistency and accuracy of test results. Testers should be proficient in leveraging these tools to enhance productivity and ensure comprehensive test coverage.
References:
* ISTQB CTFL Syllabus 4.0, Chapter 1.5.1, page 20: General Skills Required for Testing
NEW QUESTION # 91
An application is subjected to a constant load for an extended period of time as part of a performance test.
While running this test, the response time of the application steadily slows down, which results in a requirement not being met. This slowdown is caused by a memory leak where the application code does not properly release some of the dynamically allocated memory when it is no longer needed.
Which of the following statements is true?
- A. The slowdown is a defect while the memory leak is an error
- B. The slowdown is a failure while the memory leak is a defect
- C. The slowdown is an error the memory leak is a defect
- D. The slowdown is a defect the memory leak is a failure
Answer: B
Explanation:
In the ISTQB terminology:
* A defect (also known as a bug or fault) is an issue in the code that can cause a failure.
* A failure is the observable incorrect behavior or output of the software due to a defect.
In this scenario, the memory leak is the defect in the application code that causes the application not to release dynamically allocated memory properly. The observable effect of this defect, which is the slowdown in response time, is considered a failure because it is the manifestation of the defect that prevents the application from meeting its performance requirements.
NEW QUESTION # 92
For each of the test cases to be executed, the following table specifies the priority order and dependencies on other test cases
Which of the following test execution schedules is compatible with the logical dependencies and allows executing the test cases in priority order?
- A. TC4, TC3, TC2, TC6, TC5. TC1
- B. TC4, TC6, TC3, TC2, TC5, TC1
- C. TC3, TC5, TC6, TC1, TC4, TC3
- D. TC4, TC3, TC2, TC6, TC1, TC5
Answer: D
Explanation:
This answer is correct because it follows the logical dependencies and allows executing the test cases in priority order. TC4, TC3, and TC2 are executed first because they have the highest priority. TC6 is executed next because it has a logical dependency on TC2. TC1 is executed next because it has a logical dependency on TC5. Finally, TC5 is executed last because it has the lowest priority. References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 documents
NEW QUESTION # 93
Following a risk-based testing approach you have designed 10 tests to cover a product risk with a high-risk level. You want to estimate, adopting the three-point test estimation technique, the test effort required to reduce the risk level to zero by executing those 10 tests. You made the following three initial estimates:
* most optimistic = 6 person hours
* most likely = 30 person hours
* most pessimistic = 54 person hours
Based only on the given information, which of the following answers about the three-point test estimation technique applied to this problem is true?
- A. The final estimate is exactly 30 person hours because the technique uses the initial most likely estimate as the final estimate
- B. The final estimate is exactly 30 person hours because the technique uses the arithmetic mean of the three initial estimates as the final estimate
- C. The final estimate is between 6 person hours and 54 person hours
- D. The final estimate is between 22 person hours and 38 person hours
Answer: D
Explanation:
The three-point test estimation technique is a method of estimating the test effort based on three initial estimates: the most optimistic, the most likely, and the most pessimistic. The technique uses a weighted average of these three estimates to calculate the final estimate, which is also known as the expected value. The formula for the expected value is:
Expected value = (most optimistic + 4 * most likely + most pessimistic) / 6 Using the given values, the expected value is:
Expected value = (6 + 4 * 30 + 54) / 6 Expected value = 30 person hours However, the expected value is not the only factor to consider when estimating the test effort. The technique also calculates the standard deviation, which is a measure of the variability or uncertainty of the estimates. The formula for the standard deviation is:
Standard deviation = (most pessimistic - most optimistic) / 6
Using the given values, the standard deviation is:
Standard deviation = (54 - 6) / 6 Standard deviation = 8 person hours
The standard deviation can be used to determine a range of possible values for the test effort, based on a certain level of confidence. For example, using a 68% confidence level, the range is:
Expected value ± standard deviation
Using the calculated values, the range is:
30 ± 8 person hours
Therefore, the final estimate is between 22 person hours and 38 person hours, which is option A.
References: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.01, Section 2.3.2, page 24-25; ISTQB Glossary v4.02, page 33.
NEW QUESTION # 94
Which ONE of the following options is aPRODUCT riskand NOT aPROJECT risk?
- A. Delays in the delivery of work products by the project team.
- B. Staff shortages in the project leading to scheduling problems.
- C. Poor communication between team members, making project management more difficult.
- D. Incorrect calculation logic in the software, leading to inaccurate results.
Answer: D
Explanation:
Product risksare risks thatimpact the quality or functionality of the software, whereasproject risksaffect theprocess, resources, or timeline.
* (A) is correctbecause incorrect calculations impact software correctness.
* (B), (C), and (D) are project risksas they relate toteam coordination, staffing, and schedulingrather than software defects.
Identifyingproduct risksearlyimproves defect detection and ensures better coverage for high-risk areas.
Reference:ISTQB CTFL v4.0 Syllabus, Section 5.2.2 - Product and Project Risks
NEW QUESTION # 95
Which of the following is a typical potential risk of using test automation tools?
- A. Reduced repeatability and consistency of tests compared to manual testing
- B. Underestimation of effort required to maintain test scripts
- C. Reduced test execution times compared to manual testing
- D. Reduced feedback times regarding software quality compared to manual testing
Answer: B
Explanation:
One of the typical potential risks associated with using test automation tools is the underestimation of the effort required to maintain test scripts. While test automation can reduce test execution times and provide more consistent and repeatable tests compared to manual testing, maintaining test scripts can be labor-intensive and often requires significant effort. Changes in the application under test can lead to frequent updates in the test scripts to keep them functional and relevant.
References:
* ISTQB CTFL Syllabus V4.0, Section 6.2 on the benefits and risks of test automation tools
* The syllabus outlines that while automation can improve efficiency, it also introduces maintenance challenges.
NEW QUESTION # 96
Which of the following is the main difference between quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC)?
- A. QA is a process-oriented approach, while QC is a product-oriented approach.
- B. QA is focused on implementation, while QC is focused on improvement.
- C. QA is the responsibility of everyone on a project, while QC is the responsibility of a dedicated team.
- D. QA is preventive, while QC is corrective.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) are both essential aspects of a comprehensive quality management system but they serve different purposes:
* Quality Assurance (QA): QA is a process-oriented approach that focuses on preventing defects by improving the processes used to develop and test products. It involves setting up processes, methodologies, and standards to ensure that the product meets quality requirements.
* Quality Control (QC): QC is a product-oriented approach that focuses on identifying defects in the final products. It involves activities such as inspection, testing, and review to ensure that the product meets the specified requirements and standards.
Thus, the main difference is that QA is process-oriented and preventive, while QC is product-oriented and corrective.
NEW QUESTION # 97
Mark the correct sentences:
* Defects are a result of environmental conditions and are also referred to as "Failures"
* A human mistake may produce a defect
* A system mil totally fail to operate correctly when a failure exists in it
* When a defect exists in a system it may result in a failure
* Defects occur only as a result of technology changes
- A. II, III, IV
- B. II, IV
- C. IV, V
- D. I, II
Answer: B
Explanation:
The question is about marking the correct sentences among the given statements related to defects, failures, and mistakes. According to the ISTQB glossary, the definitions of these terms are1:
Defect: A flaw in a component or system that can cause the component or system to fail to perform its required function, e.g. an incorrect statement or data definition. A defect, if encountered during execution, may cause a failure of the component or system.
Failure: An event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits.
Mistake: A human action that produces an incorrect result.
Therefore, out of the five given statements, only two are correct, namely:
A human mistake may produce a defect: This is true, as a mistake is a source or cause of a defect, e.g. a programmer may make a mistake in writing a code statement, which results in a defect in the software component.
When a defect exists in a system it may result in a failure: This is true, as a defect is a potential or actual cause of a failure, e.g. a defect in the software component may cause the system to fail to perform a required function when the defect is encountered during execution.
The other three statements are incorrect, namely:
Defects are a result of environmental conditions and are also referred to as "Failures": This is false, as defects are not a result of environmental conditions, but of mistakes or other factors, and defects are not the same as failures, but rather the causes of failures.
A system will totally fail to operate correctly when a failure exists in it: This is false, as a system may not necessarily fail completely or stop operating when a failure occurs, but may continue to operate with reduced functionality or performance, or with incorrect results.
Defects occur only as a result of technology changes: This is false, as defects can occur due to various reasons, not only technology changes, such as human mistakes, design flaws, requirement changes, hardware failures, etc.
Reference:
1: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms 4.0, 2023, available at ISTQB) and ASTQB).
NEW QUESTION # 98
A system has a self-diagnostics module that starts executing after the system is reset. The diagnostics are running 12 different tests on the systems memory hardware. The following is one of the requirements set for the diagnostics module:
'The time taking the diagnostics tests to execute shall be less than 2 seconds' Which of the following is a failure related to the specified requirement?
- A. The diagnostic tests fail due to incorrect implementation of the test code
- B. The diagnostic tests that measure the speed of the memory, fail
- C. The diagnostic tests fail to start after a system reset
- D. The diagnostic tests take too much time to execute
Answer: D
Explanation:
A failure is an event in which a component or system does not perform a required function within specified limits1. A requirement is a condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective2. In this case, the requirement is that the diagnostics tests should execute in less than 2 seconds. Therefore, any event that violates this requirement is a failure. The only option that clearly violates this requirement is B. The diagnostic tests take too much time to execute. If the diagnostic tests take more than 2 seconds to complete, then they do not meet the specified limit and thus fail. The other options are not necessarily failures related to the specified requirement. Option A. The diagnostic tests fail to start after a system reset is a failure, but not related to the time limit. It is related to the functionality of the self-diagnostics module. Option C. The diagnostic tests that measure the speed of the memory, fail is also a failure, but not related to the time limit. It is related to the accuracy of the memory tests. Option D. The diagnostic tests fail due to incorrect implementation of the test code is also a failure, but not related to the time limit. It is related to the quality of the test code. Reference = ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Requirements Engineering Fundamentals.
NEW QUESTION # 99
Which of the following is a test-first approach, where tests that express a shared understanding from stakeholders of how the application is expected to work, are first written in business-readable language (following the Given/When/Then format), and then made executable to drive development?
- A. Test-Driven Development (TDD)
- B. Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)
- C. Domain-Driven Design (DDD)
- D. Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD)
Answer: B
Explanation:
This answer is correct because Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) is a test-first approach, where tests that express a shared understanding from stakeholders of how the application is expected to work, are first written in business-readable language (following the Given/When/Then format), and then made executable to drive development. BDD is a collaborative approach that involves testers, developers, business analysts, product owners, and other stakeholders in defining the expected behavior of the application using scenarios that describe the preconditions, actions, and outcomes of the application. BDD scenarios are written using a domain-specific language (DSL) that can be translated into executable test cases using tools such as Cucumber or SpecFlow. BDD aims to improve communication, collaboration, and feedback among the team members, and to deliver software that meets the customer's needs and expectations. References: ISTQB Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, ISTQB Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Section 3.1.1.4
NEW QUESTION # 100
Which of the following statements is true?
- A. A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error
- B. Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions
- C. A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure
- D. Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels
Answer: B
Explanation:
Failures can be caused by defects, but also by environmental conditions. A failure is an event in which the software system does not perform a required function or performs a function incorrectly, according to the expected behavior. A defect is a flaw in the software system or a deviation from the requirements or the specifications, that may cause a failure. However, not all failures are caused by defects, as some failures may be caused by environmental conditions, such as hardware malfunctions, network interruptions, power outages, incompatible configurations, etc. Environmental conditions are factors that affect the operation of the software system, but are not part of the software system itself. The other statements are false, because:
A defect does not always produce a failure, while a bug always produces a failure. This statement is false, because a defect may or may not produce a failure, depending on the inputs, the outputs, the states, or the scenarios of the software system, and a bug is just another term for a defect, so it has the same possibility of producing a failure as a defect. For example, a defect in a rarely used feature or a hidden branch of the code may never produce a failure, while a defect in a frequently used feature or a critical path of the code may produce a failure often. A bug is not a different concept from a defect, but rather a synonym or a colloquial term for a defect, so it has the same definition and implications as a defect.
A defect may cause a failure which, when occurring, always causes an error. This statement is false, because an error is not a consequence of a failure, but rather a cause of a defect. An error is a human action or a mistake that produces a defect in the software system, such as a typo, a logic flaw, a requirement misunderstanding, etc. An error is not observable in the software system, but rather in the human mind or the human work products, such as the code, the design, the documentation, etc. A failure is not a cause of an error, but rather a result of a defect, which is a result of an error. For example, an error in the code may cause a defect in the software system, which may cause a failure in the software behavior.
Bugs are defects found during component testing, while failures are defects found at higher test levels. This statement is false, because bugs and failures are not different types of defects, but rather different terms for defects and their manifestations. As mentioned before, bugs are just another word for defects, and failures are the events in which the software system does not perform as expected due to defects. Bugs and failures can be found at any test level, not only at component testing or higher test levels. Test levels are the stages of testing that correspond to the levels of integration of the software system, such as component testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. Defects and failures can occur and be detected at any test level, depending on the test objectives, the test basis, the test techniques, and the test environment. Reference: ISTQB Certified Tester Foundation Level (CTFL) v4.0 sources and documents:
ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.1.2, Testing and Quality1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.2.1, Testing Principles1 ISTQB® Certified Tester Foundation Level Syllabus v4.0, Chapter 1.3.1, Testing in Software Development Lifecycles1 ISTQB® Glossary of Testing Terms v4.0, Failure, Defect, Bug, Environmental Condition, Error, Test Level2
NEW QUESTION # 101
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